Springer Nature recognizes the growing role of AI tools in research writing. While limited AI use for language polishing is permitted without disclosure, any use beyond basic editing must be transparently reported. Authorship remains strictly human, with full accountability required.
1. AI and Authorship
• Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT cannot be listed as authors.
Authorship requires:
• The ability to take responsibility for the content.
• Accountability for the integrity and accuracy of the work—qualities that AI cannot fulfill.
2. AI Use & Disclosure Requirements
Must Be Disclosed:
• If AI tools were used to generate content (e.g., drafting, rewriting, summarizing), or had any creative/editorial role.
• Disclosure should be made in the Methods section, or another appropriate section if Methods is not applicable.
Does Not Require Disclosure:
Use of AI for minor copy editing, such as:
• Correcting grammar, spelling, punctuation, or tone.
• Improving readability or formatting.
• Making stylistic adjustments to human-written text.
• As long as AI tools are not creating new content or making editorial decisions, disclosure is not necessary.
3. Human Accountability
• Authors must maintain full responsibility for the manuscript’s content, even if AI tools were used.
All listed authors must:
• Approve the final version of the manuscript.
• Confirm that it reflects their original work.
• Be prepared to stand by the content and address any concerns post-publication.
Springer Nature supports the limited use of AI in academic publishing. Authors may use AI tools to improve language, grammar, tone, or formatting, but AI must not be used to create or substantially contribute to the content of a manuscript.
When AI is used beyond basic copy editing, authors are required to disclose its use clearly in the manuscript, typically in the Methods section or a suitable alternative. All AI-generated content must be reviewed to ensure it aligns with the authors’ original work and meets scholarly standards.
AI tools cannot be listed as authors, as they cannot take responsibility, make decisions, or be held accountable for the work. Authors must ensure the final manuscript reflects their intellectual contributions, and all co-authors must agree to its content and integrity.